[1] Zadorozhna DB, Grajeda JS, López LO, Benavides O, Ramírez SF. Assessing the accuracy and replicability of water formation modeling in PEM fuel cells: a sensitivity analysis of key performance parameters using computational fluid dynamics. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2025 Feb 14.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.02.009
[2] Ma L, Zhao H, Qu Y, Zhao S, Yu Y, Wei W. Reduced‐order active disturbance rejection control method for PEMFC air intake system based on the estimation of oxygen excess ratio. IET Renewable Power Generation. 2023;17(4):951-63.
https://doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12647
[3] Zhao L, Dai H, Pei F, Ming P, Wei X, Zhou J. A comparative study of equivalent circuit models for electro-chemical impedance spectroscopy analysis of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Energies. 2022;15(1):386.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010386
[4] Guo Z, Ma R, Ma H, Li Z, Xiong P, Jiang W, Zhou Y. An Online Fault Diagnosis Method for PEMFC Based on Output Voltage and Transfer Convolutional Neural Network. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2025.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2024.3525115
[5] Kamal MM, Yu DW, Yu DL. Fault detection and isolation for PEM fuel cell stack with independent RBF model. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 2014 Feb 1;28:52-63.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2013.10.002
[6] Bäumler A, Azib T, Benterki A, Meng J, Boukhnifer M. A Learning-based Energy Management Strategy Considering Flooding and Drying Faults for Fuel Cell-Battery Hybrid Vehicles. Psycoloquy. 2024:828-33.
https://doi.org/10.1109/MED61351.2024.10566230
[7] Sani M, Piffard M, Heiries V. Fault detection for pem fuel cells via analytical redundancy: A critical review and prospects. Energies. 2023;16(14):5446.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145446
[8] Yu D, Li X, Zhou F, Araya SS, Sahlin SL, Subramanian VR, Liso V. Online fault detection and isolation of PEMFC based on EIS and data-driven methods: Feasibility study and prospects. Journal of Power Sources. 2025;641:236915.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236915
[9] Li Y, Huang Q, Yuan H, Wang X, Wei X, Zhu J, Ma R, Gao L, Dai H. A review of polarization dynamics analysis of proton exchange membrane fuel cell: Distribution of relaxation time based method. Science China Technological Sciences. 2025;68(10):2010102.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-025-3017-4
[10] Zhang T, Hou Z, Li X, Chen Q, Wang Q, Lüddeke C, Wu L, Wu X, Sun W. A novel multivariable prognostic approach for PEMFC degradation and remaining useful life prediction using random forest and temporal convolutional network. Applied Energy. 2025;385(C).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125569
[11] Ao Y, Laghrouche S, Depernet D. Diagnosis of proton exchange membrane fuel cell system based on adaptive neural fuzzy inference system and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Energy Conversion and Management. 2022;256:115391.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115391
[12] Liu Q, Zang W, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Tong Y, Feng Y. Steady-State Model Enabled Dynamic PEMFC Performance Degradation Prediction via Recurrent Neural Network. Energies. 2025;18(10):2665.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en18102665
[14] Omer Abbaker AM, Wang H, Tian Y. Robust model-free adaptive interval type-2 fuzzy sliding mode control for PEMFC system using disturbance observer. International Journal of Fuzzy Systems. 2020;22(7):2188-203.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40815-020-00916-8
[17] Rostan K, Kruglov R, Seiß V, Thiel S, Eichelbaum M, Engelbrecht R. In-situ Temperature and Humidity Measurement in PEM Fuel Cells with Off-the-shelf FBG. In Optical Fiber Sensors 2023. p. Tu3-36. Optica Publishing Group.
https://doi.org/10.1364/OFS.2023.Tu3.36
[18] Li Q, Wang H, Wang T, Li X, Liu Y, Chen W, You Z. Online diagnosis method of water management faults based on hybrid-frequency electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for PEMFC. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification. 2024.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TTE.2024.3427401
[20] Duque L, Molinero A, Oller JC, Barcala JM, Diaz‐Alvarez E, Folgado MA, Chaparro AM. Study of Mass Transport in the Anode of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell with a New Hydrogen Flow‐Rate Modulation Technique. ChemElectroChem. 2024;11(14):e202400100.
https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202400100
[21] Lv J, Yu Z, Zhang H, Sun G, Muhl P, Liu J. Transformer based long-term prognostics for dynamic operating PEM fuel cells. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification. 2023;10(1):1747-57.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TTE.2023.3266803
[22] Li T, Bao Z, Yao R, Pan X, Bai F, Peng Z, Jiao K, Liu Z. Two-phase flow in the gas diffusion layer with different perforation of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. International Journal of Green Energy. 2025;22(6):1063-71.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2024.2347269
[23] Cheikh A, Steiner NY, Pahon E, Damour C, Benne M, Hissel D. Fault diagnosis of PEMFC using semi-empirical signal processing and K-means clustering. In Symposium de Génie Electrique 2023.
https://hal.science/hal-04452049
[24] Romey W, Vijayaraghavan K. Extended Kalman Filter for Normal and Oxygen-starved PEM Fuel Cells using a Lumped Pseudo-2D Model. In2022 IEEE International Symposium on Advanced Control of Industrial Processes (AdCONIP). 2022. p. 263-268). IEEE.
https://doi.org/10.1109/AdCONIP55568.2022.9894212
[25] Huo H, Chen J, Wang K, Wang F, Jin G, Chen F. State estimation of membrane water content of PEMFC based on GA-BP neural network. Sustainability. 2023;15(11):9094.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su15119094
[26] Wei Y, Zhao Y, Yun H. Estimating PEMFC ohmic internal impedance based on indirect measurements. Energy Science & Engineering. 2021;9(8):1134-47.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.878
[27] Zhou S, Zheng S, Hu Z. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Fault Rapid Diagnosis Method Based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Fuzzy c-Means Algorithm. SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-5032; 2019.
https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-5032
[28] Chambers JE, Gunn DA, Wilkinson PB, Ogilvy RD, Ghataora GS, Burrow MP, Smith RT. Non-invasive time-lapse imaging of moisture content changes in earth embankments using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). In Advances in transportation geotechnics. 2008. p. 489-494. CRC Press.
https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/7001/1/CH059.pdf
[29] Singh K, Kumar R, Kumar P, Nehra V, Gupta RK, Yusuf M. Few-layer Si and WS2-based surface plasmon resonance sensor for water salinity concentration detection: theoretical insight. Plasmonics. 2024;19(6):3155-65.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-024-02209-4
[31] Lv J, Yu Z, Zhang H, Sun G, Muhl P, Liu J. Transformer based long-term prognostics for dynamic operating PEM fuel cells. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification. 2023;10(1):1747-57.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TTE.2023.3266803
[32] Moezzi SM, Shirazi MA, Monfared AR, Yousefi H. Comparison of classical statistical models for forecasting CO₂ emissions, GDP, and TBL cancer indicators: A comparative analysis of East and West Asia. Energy Nexus. 2026 Mar 1;21:100682.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100682
[33] Shirazi MA, Zahedi R, Yousefi H, Aslani A. Environmental and damage assessment of electric vehicles compared to internal combustion engine vehicles under various ambient temperature scenarios using the LCA approach. Energy Nexus. 2025 Nov 19:100606.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100606
[34] Ma Y, Wang X, Yuan H, Chang G, Zhu J, Dai H, Wei X. Review of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in fault diagnosis for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2025 Apr 1;211:115226.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.115226
[35] Pivac I, Šimić B, Barbir F. Experimental diagnostics and modeling of inductive phenomena at low frequencies in impedance spectra of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources. 2017 Oct 15;365:240-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.08.087
[36] Yu D, Li X, Zhou F, Araya SS, Sahlin SL, Subramanian VR, Liso V. Online fault detection and isolation of PEMFC based on EIS and data-driven methods: Feasibility study and prospects. Journal of Power Sources. 2025 Jun 15;641:236915.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236915
[37] Liao Y, Wu J, Luo X. A Multi-valued Fuzzy Logic for Qualitative Reasoning in Healthcare. In The International Conference on Healthcare Science and Engineering 2018 Sep 10 (pp. 235-250). Singapore: Springer Singapore.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6837-0_17
[38] Bhattacharjee D, Kim W, Chattopadhyay A, Waser R, Rana V. Multi-valued and fuzzy logic realization using TaOx memristive devices. Scientific reports. 2018 Jan 8;8(1):8.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18329-3
[40] Sakharov A. Multi-Valued Models for Intuitionistic Logic. In2025 IEEE 55th International Symposium on Multiple-Valued Logic (ISMVL) 2025 Jun 1 (pp. 21-25). IEEE Computer Society.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMVL64713.2025.00013
)